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A Guide to Tactical Asset Allocation ETFs

Building a long-term investment portfolio is often compared to setting a course on a map. You pick your destination and stick to the route. But what happens when you see a clear shortcut or a storm brewing on the horizon? A rigid plan doesn’t allow for detours. This is where a more flexible approach comes in. Instead of staying locked into a fixed asset mix, you can make short-term, calculated adjustments based on current market conditions. A tactical asset allocation ETF is a fund designed to do just that, acting as a nimble vehicle within your broader strategy, ready to adapt to changing economic winds.

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Key Takeaways

  • Use TAA ETFs to Add a Dynamic Layer: Integrate a Tactical Asset Allocation ETF as a component of your broader portfolio, not a replacement for it. Its role is to provide active, short-term adjustments that complement your core long-term holdings.
  • Balance Potential with Practical Costs: The main appeal of a TAA ETF is its adaptability, which can help manage risk and capture opportunities. Acknowledge that this active management comes with higher expense ratios than passive funds and depends on the skill of the fund’s manager.
  • Prioritize a Transparent Process: When choosing a TAA ETF, look beyond past performance. Focus on funds with a clear and understandable strategy for making tactical shifts, ensuring you’re comfortable with the decision-making process behind the investment.

What Is a Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) ETF?

Think of Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) as an active investment strategy that allows for short-term adjustments to your portfolio. Instead of sticking rigidly to a long-term plan, TAA gives you the flexibility to temporarily shift your asset mix to capitalize on current market trends or economic conditions. A TAA ETF, or exchange-traded fund, is simply a fund that uses this approach. It packages the TAA strategy into a single investment, making it accessible for inclusion in a broader portfolio. This allows you to add a layer of active management without having to make constant, individual trades yourself.

The Role of Active Management

Unlike a static, “set it and forget it” portfolio, a TAA strategy relies on active management. This means a portfolio manager is making intentional decisions to adjust the fund’s holdings in response to what’s happening in the market. They might react to shifts in interest rates, inflation data, or geopolitical events. The goal of this active investment strategy is to fine-tune the portfolio to enhance returns or manage risk based on real-time information, rather than waiting for a scheduled annual rebalance. It’s a hands-on approach designed to be responsive to an ever-changing market landscape.

How Do TAA ETFs Work?

In practice, a TAA ETF works by temporarily changing the weights of the different asset classes it holds. For example, if the fund manager believes that stocks are poised for a short-term downturn but bonds look stable, they might decrease the fund’s allocation to stocks and increase its holdings in bonds. These decisions are driven by economic data, market analysis, and technical indicators. The key is that these shifts are tactical and temporary. The fund still has a long-term, strategic asset allocation that it aims to return to once the short-term opportunity or risk has passed.

Core Features to Look For

When you’re evaluating different Tactical Allocation ETFs, the main thing to look for is a clear and disciplined active management process. The fund should be able to explain how it identifies market trends and what signals it uses to make adjustments. Flexibility is the defining characteristic of TAA, so you want a fund that can move between asset classes like stocks, bonds, and cash with agility. The ultimate goal is to find a fund that uses these tactical shifts to effectively manage risk and capture returns as market conditions change, complementing your overall investment goals.

The Pros and Cons of TAA ETFs

Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) ETFs can be a powerful tool, but like any investment, they come with their own set of trade-offs. Understanding both the potential benefits and the inherent risks is key to deciding if they have a place in your portfolio. This strategy is about making calculated, short-term adjustments to your long-term plan, which requires a clear-eyed view of what you stand to gain and what you’re putting on the line. Let’s walk through the main advantages, disadvantages, and costs associated with these funds.

The Upside: Potential Advantages

The primary appeal of a TAA ETF is its flexibility. Unlike a static portfolio that you set and forget, a TAA strategy is an active investment strategy designed to adapt. Fund managers can shift portfolio weights to respond to changing market conditions, such as shifts in interest rates, inflation trends, or geopolitical events. This adaptability creates the potential for higher returns by aiming to capitalize on short- or mid-term market movements. If a particular sector or asset class looks promising, the fund can increase its exposure. Conversely, it can reduce exposure to areas that appear risky, offering a dynamic approach to managing your investments.

The Downside: Potential Risks

That same flexibility comes with its own set of risks. At its core, tactical asset allocation involves making temporary deviations from a long-term strategic plan, which hinges on successfully anticipating market behavior. This requires strong market timing and constant monitoring, and there’s no assurance of success. If the fund’s managers misread the market, these tactical shifts could lead to underperformance or losses. It’s important to remember that all investing involves risk, and you could lose the money you put in. TAA ETFs are not immune to market downturns and depend heavily on the skill of the management team to make the right calls.

Breaking Down the Costs

When evaluating any ETF, it’s crucial to look at the costs, and the expense ratio is the main fee to consider. This is the annual fee the fund charges, expressed as a percentage of your investment. While TAA ETFs are actively managed, they often have lower expenses than traditional, actively managed mutual funds. This is partly due to the efficient structure of ETFs. Still, their expense ratios are typically higher than those of passive, index-tracking ETFs because you are paying for the expertise and research involved in making those tactical shifts. Always compare the expense ratios of different TAA ETFs to ensure the fees are reasonable for the strategy being offered.

TAA ETFs vs. Traditional Investments

When you’re building a portfolio, you’ll often hear about traditional, long-term strategies like buy-and-hold. These approaches rely on a fixed asset allocation that you might rebalance once or twice a year. Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) ETFs operate on a completely different principle. Instead of setting a static mix of assets and sticking to it, TAA is an active strategy that intentionally shifts your portfolio’s weights to respond to changing market conditions.

Think of it this way: a traditional portfolio is like a sturdy ship built to weather any storm over a long voyage. A TAA ETF is more like a nimble sailboat, designed to adjust its sails to catch favorable winds and avoid rough seas. This active management style means TAA ETFs can deviate from a long-term strategic plan to capitalize on short- or medium-term opportunities. Let’s break down how they stack up against more conventional investments.

Comparing Performance

A traditional investment portfolio, like one that follows a 60/40 stock-to-bond split, has a performance profile that largely mirrors the broad market. Its success is tied to long-term market growth. TAA ETFs, on the other hand, have a performance that depends heavily on the skill of the portfolio manager. The goal is to generate returns by making smart, timely shifts between asset classes based on economic data, market trends, and even geopolitical events. This active investment strategy means performance isn’t just about the market’s direction but about the manager’s ability to make the right calls at the right time.

Comparing Risk and Return

With traditional investments, risk is primarily managed through diversification. By holding a mix of non-correlated assets, the idea is that losses in one area will be offset by gains in another. TAA ETFs approach risk management more dynamically. They aim to sidestep downturns by reducing exposure to struggling asset classes and shifting into those with more momentum. This flexibility offers the potential for higher returns, but it also introduces a different kind of risk: timing. If the manager’s tactical decisions are incorrect, the fund could underperform a simpler, passive portfolio. The objective is to improve returns and manage risk by actively responding to market signals.

Comparing Costs

It’s a common belief that all ETFs are low-cost, passive instruments. While many are, it’s one of the biggest misconceptions about ETFs. Because TAA ETFs are actively managed, they require a team of analysts and portfolio managers to make ongoing decisions. This active oversight means their expense ratios are typically higher than those of passive index-tracking ETFs. However, their costs are often still competitive when compared to traditional, actively managed mutual funds that employ similar strategies. When evaluating costs, it’s important to compare a TAA ETF to another actively managed product, not a passive one.

The Flexibility Factor

Perhaps the biggest difference between TAA ETFs and traditional investments is flexibility. A conventional portfolio is often bound by a strict mandate to maintain its target asset allocation. TAA strategies, by design, allow for significant deviations from a baseline mix. This freedom allows managers to act on perceived market inefficiencies or opportunities that a static portfolio would miss. For investors who believe that markets aren’t always perfectly rational, this adaptability is a major draw. It provides a framework for capitalizing on short-term market movements within a long-term investment plan.

Common TAA ETF Strategies

Tactical asset allocation isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. Different TAA ETFs use distinct strategies to decide when and where to shift their investments. Understanding these core methodologies can help you find an ETF that aligns with your own investment philosophy and market outlook. Some focus on broad economic shifts, while others react to price momentum or prioritize risk management above all else. Let’s look at four common strategies you’ll likely encounter.

Global Macro

This strategy takes a top-down view of the investment world. Managers of global macro funds analyze broad economic trends, geopolitical events, and monetary policies across different countries to make investment decisions. The core idea is that these large-scale factors create opportunities. For instance, a manager might identify that a country’s interest rate policy will likely strengthen its currency and adjust the portfolio accordingly. This approach actively looks beyond domestic markets to capitalize on what some see as structural inefficiencies, like the common tendency for investors to over-invest in their home country.

Trend Following

Also known as momentum investing, this strategy is all about identifying and acting on the direction of the market. A trend-following TAA ETF operates on the principle that assets that have been performing well will continue to do so, while underperforming assets will lag. The fund’s managers use technical indicators to spot established trends—whether up or down—and adjust the portfolio to ride that wave. This is a more reactive approach that focuses on market prices rather than fundamental economic data. The goal is to capitalize on market momentum for short- to mid-term periods.

Multi-Asset

A multi-asset strategy gives a fund manager the flexibility to move capital between different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and commodities. The manager actively monitors market conditions and economic indicators to determine which asset classes are poised for growth and which might be facing headwinds. For example, if economic forecasts suggest a slowdown, the fund might reduce its exposure to stocks and increase its allocation to government bonds. This dynamic approach allows the ETF to seek opportunities for profit wherever they might appear across the investment landscape.

Risk-Focused

While all investing involves managing risk, a risk-focused TAA strategy makes it the central priority. The primary goal is to protect the portfolio from significant downturns. These ETFs constantly monitor market volatility and other risk indicators. When risks appear elevated, the fund will shift its allocation toward more conservative assets like cash or short-term bonds. When market conditions seem more favorable, it will move back into assets with higher return potential, like equities. This strategy aims to provide a smoother ride by actively trying to manage downside risk rather than solely chasing the highest possible returns.

How Market Conditions Affect TAA ETFs

Tactical asset allocation ETFs are built to be responsive. Unlike a static, long-term strategic allocation that you might rebalance once a year, a tactical approach is dynamic by design. The entire premise is to adjust the portfolio based on what’s happening in the market right now, or what is anticipated to happen in the near future. This means the managers of TAA ETFs are constantly analyzing a stream of information to make informed decisions about where to allocate capital.

The goal is to improve returns and manage risk by actively responding to market trends, economic cycles, and valuation signals. When certain sectors or asset classes show potential for short-term growth, a TAA strategy can increase exposure to them. Conversely, when risks appear to be rising in one area, the strategy can pull back. This active management is what sets TAA ETFs apart. They don’t just ride the market waves; they attempt to adjust the sails to catch the best winds and avoid the worst of the storm. This adaptability is crucial because economic conditions, investor sentiment, and geopolitical events are always in flux, and a rigid strategy can miss opportunities or fail to protect against downturns.

Key Economic Indicators to Watch

TAA fund managers keep a close eye on a dashboard of key economic indicators to inform their decisions. These are the data points that signal shifts in the economic landscape. Think of metrics like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, which measures the overall health of the economy. Inflation rates, often tracked by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), are also critical, as rising inflation can erode investment returns and prompt central banks to change course. Other important figures include unemployment rates and consumer confidence surveys. And, of course, the decisions made by central banks, like the Federal Reserve’s interest rate policies, have a massive ripple effect across all asset classes. A change in any of these key economic indicators can trigger a tactical shift within an ETF, such as moving from growth stocks to value stocks or increasing allocation to inflation-protected bonds.

Reading the Market’s Mood

Beyond the hard numbers, TAA strategies also account for the market’s overall mood, or investor sentiment. This is a less tangible but equally important factor. Sentiment can be influenced by everything from corporate earnings reports to geopolitical tensions and policy changes. A static, strategic allocation doesn’t have a mechanism to react to a sudden shift in market psychology, but a tactical approach does. Managers might look at volatility indexes (like the VIX) to gauge fear or complacency in the market. They also follow capital flows to see where money is moving. For example, a sudden flight to the safety of government bonds could signal that investors are becoming risk-averse, prompting a TAA manager to adopt a more defensive posture in their portfolio. This ability to interpret and react to the market’s emotional state is a core component of the tactical approach.

How TAA Strategies Adapt

So, how do these strategies actually put this information into practice? Adaptation is all about actively shifting the portfolio’s weights. Based on their analysis of economic data and market sentiment, TAA managers will make short- to medium-term deviations from the fund’s long-term strategic asset allocation. This is done to capitalize on perceived market opportunities or to manage emerging risks. For instance, if indicators suggest strong economic growth ahead, a manager might increase the ETF’s allocation to equities and reduce its holdings in bonds. If a specific region, like emerging markets, appears undervalued and poised for a rebound, they might overweight that area. This is the essence of global tactical asset allocation. The adjustments are deliberate and designed to position the portfolio advantageously for the current environment, rather than waiting for a scheduled rebalancing day.

How to Choose a TAA ETF

Finding the right Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) ETF for your portfolio involves looking beyond just the name and ticker symbol. Since these are actively managed funds, you’re not just buying a basket of assets; you’re investing in a specific strategy and the team executing it. A thoughtful approach means digging into the details to see if the fund’s process aligns with your financial goals and risk tolerance.

To make a well-informed decision, you’ll want to focus on four key areas: the cost of owning the ETF, how easily you can trade it, its performance history, and the clarity of its investment strategy. Each of these elements gives you a piece of the puzzle, helping you build a complete picture of the investment. By evaluating these factors, you can move past the marketing and find an ETF that truly fits within your broader financial plan. It’s about finding a balance between cost, performance, and a strategy you can stick with through different market cycles.

Evaluate the Expense Ratio

Every ETF comes with an expense ratio, which is the annual fee the fund charges as a percentage of your investment to cover its operating costs. For TAA ETFs, these fees are often higher than those for passive index funds because you’re paying for active management. While a lower number is generally better, it shouldn’t be your only consideration. Think of it as the price you pay for the fund’s strategic decision-making. A slightly higher fee might be perfectly reasonable if the fund has a strong, transparent process and a history of successfully adapting to market shifts. The key is to understand the fees and ensure the value you expect to receive from the active strategy justifies the cost.

Check for Liquidity

Liquidity refers to how easily you can buy or sell an ETF at a stable price. Because ETFs trade on exchanges just like stocks, their liquidity can vary. A highly liquid ETF will have a high daily trading volume and a tight bid-ask spread, meaning you can trade it quickly without significantly impacting the price. Before investing, check the ETF’s average daily trading volume. A low volume could be a red flag, as it might be difficult to sell your shares at a fair price when you need to. Strong liquidity ensures you can enter and exit your position efficiently, which is especially important for a strategy that may involve periodic adjustments.

Analyze Past Performance

Looking at an ETF’s historical performance can offer clues about how its strategy has fared in different market environments. Don’t just focus on the last year’s return. Instead, review its performance over multiple time frames—one, three, and five years, if possible. This helps you see how the fund behaved during both up and down markets. Did it protect capital during a downturn? Did it capture a reasonable amount of upside during a rally? While past results are never a predictor of future returns, this analysis can give you a sense of the fund’s behavior and whether its risk-and-return profile feels right for you.

Look for a Transparent Process

A good TAA ETF should have a clear, understandable investment process. You should be able to find documentation that explains how the fund managers make their tactical shifts. Do they rely on economic indicators, quantitative models, or fundamental analysis? A fund that is transparent about its methodology allows you to understand what you own and why. This clarity is crucial for building confidence in the strategy, especially when the market gets choppy. At Waterloo Capital, we believe in providing clear research and insights because an informed investor is an empowered one. Look for a fund manager who does the same.

Adding TAA ETFs to Your Portfolio

Once you’ve decided a TAA ETF could be a good fit, the next step is to integrate it thoughtfully into your existing investment plan. This isn’t about starting from scratch, but about adding a new, flexible tool to your kit. A successful approach involves more than just picking an ETF; it requires thinking about how it will function alongside your other investments to help you reach your goals. Think of it as adding a specialist to a team—it has a specific role to play and needs to coordinate with the other members to be effective. By considering diversification, position size, rebalancing, and your long-term strategy from the start, you can make a more informed decision. This deliberate process helps ensure the TAA ETF serves its intended purpose: to provide an adaptive layer that can respond to market shifts without disrupting your core financial foundation. It’s about being proactive rather than reactive, and using these tools to build a more resilient portfolio. Here’s a practical framework for adding a TAA ETF to your portfolio.

Diversify Your Asset Classes

Think of a TAA ETF as a way to add a dynamic layer to your core investment strategy. It’s not meant to replace your foundational holdings but to complement them. The core idea behind tactical asset allocation is to make short- to medium-term shifts to capitalize on market opportunities. For example, if your long-term plan is a 60/40 split of stocks and bonds, a TAA ETF can provide actively managed exposure to other areas—like commodities, international equities, or alternative assets—when its managers see potential. This adds a layer of diversification that can adapt as market conditions change, without requiring you to constantly monitor and trade individual positions yourself.

Determine Your Position Size

Deciding how much to invest in a TAA ETF is a personal choice that should align with your risk tolerance and overall financial objectives. It’s rarely an all-or-nothing decision. Many investors start by dedicating a smaller, specific portion of their portfolio to tactical strategies. This allows the ETF to have a meaningful impact on performance without exposing your entire portfolio to the risks of a single strategy. The goal is to improve returns and manage risk, so the size of your position should reflect that balance. By starting with a modest allocation, you can see how the strategy performs and how it fits with your other investments over time.

Plan for Rebalancing

While the TAA ETF itself is actively managed, your broader portfolio is not. That’s why it’s important to have a plan for rebalancing. Over time, market movements can cause your allocations to drift away from their original targets. If your TAA ETF performs exceptionally well, it might grow to represent a larger percentage of your portfolio than you initially intended. Periodically, it’s a good practice to rebalance your portfolio by trimming positions that have grown and adding to those that have shrunk. This disciplined approach helps you maintain your desired risk level and ensures your overall asset allocation stays aligned with your long-term financial plan.

Fit It Into Your Long-Term Strategy

Ultimately, a TAA ETF is a tactic within your larger investment strategy. It should work in harmony with your long-term goals, not against them. Your core portfolio provides the stable foundation, while the tactical sleeve is designed to adapt to a changing economic landscape. Unlike a static allocation, a tactical approach actively responds to shifts in interest rates, inflation trends, and other market signals. This allows you to track market trends and pursue new opportunities without abandoning the core principles of your investment philosophy. It’s about adding a responsive element to a well-built, long-term plan.

Clearing Up Common TAA ETF Myths

Tactical asset allocation can seem complex, and with that complexity comes a few common misunderstandings. When you hear about a strategy that actively adjusts to market conditions, it’s easy to jump to conclusions about what it can and can’t do. Let’s clear the air and separate the facts from the fiction surrounding TAA ETFs so you can approach them with a clear perspective.

Myth: It’s Just Market Timing

One of the biggest misconceptions is that TAA is simply a dressed-up term for market timing. While both are active approaches, TAA is far more disciplined. Market timing often implies making impulsive, all-or-nothing bets based on a hunch about where the market is headed next. In contrast, a tactical asset allocation strategy involves making calculated, short- to medium-term shifts from your long-term plan. These adjustments are based on specific economic indicators, valuation models, or market trends—not just a gut feeling. It’s about being strategically nimble, not just guessing.

Myth: They Always Outperform

Because TAA ETFs are actively managed, many assume they are designed to consistently beat the market. While capturing upside is a goal, it’s not the only one. A core function of many TAA strategies is risk management. In a strong, steady bull market, a simple buy-and-hold strategy might actually post higher returns. The potential value of a Global Tactical Asset Allocation approach often becomes more apparent during periods of high volatility or market downturns, where it can help cushion your portfolio. No single strategy will outperform in every market environment.

Myth: They Eliminate All Risk

Let’s be clear: no investment is entirely without risk. TAA ETFs aim to manage and mitigate risk, not remove it completely. The strategy’s flexibility allows a portfolio manager to shift away from assets that appear overvalued or into areas with better potential risk-adjusted returns. However, these tactical decisions can sometimes be incorrect, or a sudden market event could impact all asset classes at once. The objective when re-examining tactical asset allocation is to improve your portfolio’s resilience over the long run, but it’s important to remember that risk is always part of the equation.

How to Manage Your TAA ETF Investment

Adding a TAA ETF to your portfolio is just the first step. Because these funds are designed to be dynamic, your approach to managing them should be as well. This isn’t a “set it and forget it” investment. Instead, it requires ongoing attention to make sure the fund is performing as expected and continues to align with your broader financial picture.

Think of it as a partnership with the fund manager. They handle the day-to-day tactical shifts, but you’re still the captain of your own ship. Your job is to periodically check in, assess the fund’s direction, and confirm it’s still steering you toward your goals. By creating a simple management routine, you can stay on top of your investment and make informed decisions without getting lost in the daily market noise. This process involves three key habits: reviewing performance, knowing when to rebalance, and making sure the investment still fits your personal objectives.

Review Performance Regularly

Since a TAA strategy is an active approach that shifts portfolio weights to capitalize on market trends, regular check-ins are essential. Set aside time quarterly or semi-annually to review your TAA ETF’s performance. Look beyond the simple return numbers. Are the fund’s movements consistent with its stated strategy? How is it performing relative to its benchmark and other similar funds? Understanding the “why” behind the performance helps you determine if the fund’s active management is adding value. Our team provides ongoing research and insights to help you stay informed on the market conditions that influence these strategies.

Know When to Rebalance

Rebalancing is a core part of maintaining any healthy portfolio. With TAA ETFs, it takes on a slightly different meaning. The fund itself is already making tactical adjustments. Your job is to decide if the ETF’s allocation within your overall portfolio is still appropriate. For example, if a successful run causes your TAA ETF to represent a much larger portion of your assets than you originally intended, you might consider trimming the position. This brings your portfolio back in line with your target allocation, helps you manage risk, and lets you lock in some gains. Understanding when to adjust your portfolio is key to reacting to market conditions without derailing your long-term plan.

Ensure It Still Fits Your Goals

Your financial goals and risk tolerance can change over time. A TAA ETF that was a perfect fit when you were focused on aggressive growth might be less suitable as you get closer to retirement. The main goal of TAA is to improve returns and manage risk by actively responding to market trends. Periodically ask yourself if that objective still aligns with your personal financial journey. If your circumstances have changed, you may need to adjust your allocation. This regular self-assessment ensures your investment strategy remains a tool that serves your needs, helping you build a portfolio that works for you.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How is a TAA ETF different from just trying to time the market? That’s a great question because the two can seem similar on the surface. The key difference is discipline. Market timing is often driven by emotion or a gut feeling, leading to impulsive, all-or-nothing decisions. Tactical asset allocation, on the other hand, is a structured process. Fund managers make calculated, incremental shifts based on specific economic data, market trends, and quantitative models. It’s about making methodical adjustments away from a long-term plan, not abandoning the plan entirely based on a hunch.

Should a TAA ETF replace my core stock and bond funds? Generally, no. It’s more effective to think of a TAA ETF as a complement to your core holdings, not a replacement for them. Your core portfolio should be built around your long-term goals with a strategic mix of assets like stocks and bonds. A TAA ETF can then be added as a satellite position to introduce a layer of active management. This allows you to potentially capitalize on shorter-term market movements without disrupting the stable foundation of your overall investment strategy.

Since these are actively managed, are TAA ETFs really expensive? It’s true that TAA ETFs typically have higher expense ratios than passive, index-tracking ETFs. You are paying for the expertise and research of the management team making those active decisions. However, it’s important to compare apples to apples. When you place their costs next to traditional, actively managed mutual funds, TAA ETFs are often quite competitive. The goal is to find a fund where the potential value added by the active strategy justifies its fee.

What happens if the fund manager’s tactical shifts are wrong? This is the central risk of any active strategy. If a manager misinterprets market signals and shifts into an underperforming asset class or moves out of one that’s about to rally, the fund’s performance can suffer. It could lag behind a simpler, passive portfolio during that time. This is why it’s so important to understand the fund’s specific strategy and process before you invest. The potential for higher returns and better risk management comes with the trade-off that the manager’s decisions are not always going to be perfect.

How often should I check on my TAA ETF investment? While you don’t need to watch it every day, a TAA ETF isn’t a “set it and forget it” investment. A good rhythm is to review its performance on a quarterly or semi-annual basis. During this check-in, you’ll want to see how it has performed relative to its goals and ensure its role in your overall portfolio still makes sense. This regular review helps you stay informed and confirm that the investment continues to align with your long-term financial plan.